جزر البليار الاسبانية مايوركا: إقليم الجمال والطبيعة والابداع
د. حسين الانصاري- مايوركا
تشكل جزر البليار ارخبيلا بحريا يتخذ من الجهة الغربية للبحر الأبيض المتوسط موقعا مميزا لها ، وتتمتع هذه الجزر بنظام حكم ذاتي يتبع لمملكة اسبانيا وتعد مدينة بالما دي مايوركا عاصمة للإقليم . كانت الجزر في يد المستعمرين القرطاجنيين ثم الرومان لكن العرب وصلوا اليها قبل فتح الاندلس وغزاها عبد الله بن موسى بن نصير عام 703 م لكن لم يبسط المسلمين سيطرتهم عليها إلا في منتصف القرن التاسع الميلادي .
تتألف جزر البليار من 151 جزيرة ، خمسة منها فقط يقطنها السكان وهي مايوركا ، مينوركا ، إيبيزا ، فور مينتيرا وجزيرة كابريرا ، تتميز هذه الجزر ببيئة متنوعة وطبيعة خلابة وطقس معتدل جعل منها مقصدا للزائرين والسواح .
تعتبر مايوركا اكبر الجزر حيث تبلغ مساحتها 3667 كيلو متر مربع وعدد سكانها وفق تعداد عام 2016 هو 402.949 نسمة ، يتحدثون لغات مختلفة في مقدمتها الاسبانية والكاتولونية ثم الإنجليزية والألمانية وذلك لارتفاع نسبة السواح القادمون والمقيمون من المملكة المتحدة وايرلندا وكذلك من الولايات المتحدة الامريكية وكندا .
نتيجة لجمال الإقليم وانتشار المساحات الخضراء وتنوع جغرافيته وموقعه وسط البحر أصبحت السياحة من ابرز مصادر الاقتصاد فيه حيث يشكل الوارد السياحي حوالي 80% من المنتوج الإجمالي فالقطاع السياحي يشهد تطورا مستمرا في كل المجالات مما شكل مركز جذب وعاملا لنمو وتقدم الخدمات السياحية حيث تجاوز عدد السواح للإقليم سنويا العشرة ملايين سائح ، ورغم هذا العدد الكبير يشعر السائح بتوفر جميع الخدمات من فنادق ومطاعم ووسائل نقل متنوعة ابتداءا من الاستقبال او المغادرة من مطار مايوركا الواسع الذي اعد لاستيعاب الزخم الكبير من السائحين ويستقبل المطار يوميا العشرات من الطائرات لمختلف خطوط الجو العالمية لكن فصل الصيف يشهد ازدحاما لافتا بالزائرين ، وتتوفر أيضا شبكة للسكك الحديدية ونظام كامل للحافلات السياحية والعادية الى جانب سيارات التاكسي المتوفرة في كل مكان .
الزراعة والصناعة
جغرافية جزيرة مايوركا متنوعة التضاريس ففيها الوديان العميقة الى جانب شموخ الجبال العالية فهناك وادي موسى ، وادي سوير ، وادي ساكالوبرا التي يلتقي فيها البحر والجبل فيشكلان منطقة رائعة المنظر مع وجود السفن والقوارب التي تنقل السواح من مكان لاخرمع توفر كافة الخدمات من مطاعم ومصارف وأماكن إيواء السيارات كما يتوفر المكان على انفاق داخل الجبال التي تعتبر ممرات للوصول الى شاطئ البحر حيث منطقة العوم والاستمتاع بالساحل وزرقة المياه
تشكل الزراعة عمودا اخر في اقتصاد الإقليم وتكثر في المنطقة زراعة الكروم والفواكه
مع انتشار النخيل في معظم الأماكن إضافة لزراعة القمح والمحاصيل الأخرى .
يشتهر الإقليم بتصنيع المنتجات الزراعية وكذلك الاقمشة المختلفة.
ومن الجبال تؤخذ مقاطع من الرخام الذي يستخدم في البناء كما تتوفر معادن الحديد والرصاص والفحم .
من معالم مايوركا
بالما
هذه المدينة هي عاصمة الإقليم وتتميز بموقع رائع فهي تغفو على البحر وتقسمها شوارع
حديثة وحدائق جميلة وملاعب وأسواق تعج بأنواع الماركات الجديدة إضافة الى توفر أماكن الاستراحة من المقاهيوالمطاعم التقليدية والحديثة التي تلبي مختلف الاذواق تتوفر في المدينة عديد المعالم السياحية التي صممت لها اضاءة خاصة تزيد من جماله وهيبتها في الليل
حيت تتحول الى لوحات بانورامية ملونة وجذابة ومن معالمها ما يلي :
كاتدرائية لانساو
هي من ابرز معالم المدينة وتعد أعلى كاتدرائية في اسبانيا تتميز بجمال تصميمها القوطي
بنيت في القرن الثالث عشر على انقاض المسجد الجامع وتم تجديدها في القرن السابع عشر وتستقبل هذه الكنيسة ألاف السواح يوميا ليطلعوا على جماليات التصميم والمحتويات التي تتوفر عليها .
قصر المدينة
يعد احد المعالم المهمة في المدينة لما يحمله من تأريخ يمتد لحضارة الانلس حيث كان يستخدم مقرا لادارة المدينة وكان يقيم فيه الولاة والامراء وفيما بعد استخدم مكانا لدار المحفوظات ويتوفر القصر على قاعات وفناءات ونافورات واعمدة على غرار الطراز العربي
وكان يحيط بالقصر سورا لم يظل منه الا جانبا صغيرا يمتد في شارع باب البحر اما الأبواب الاندلسية فقد تهدمت ولم يبق منها سوى القليل في الشارع الصخري القديم في بالما .
متحف ميرو
نتيجة لتلاقح الثقافات في اسبانيا جعلت نتاجها الإبداعي متعدد المصادر والاتجاهات لهذا برزت أسماء من الفنانين وفي مختلف الفنون السينما والمسرح والموسيقى والتشكيل الذين وصلت أصداء ابداعهم عالميا من بينهم بابلو بيكاسو مؤسس الحركة التكعبية وسلفادور دالي احد اعلام المدرسة السريالية ، فرانتسكيو غويا ، رسام النبلاء والاحداث السياسية ، وخوان ميرو الفنان المتعدد المواهب فقد كان خزافا ونحاتا ورساما استخدم الأسلوب التجريدي في اعماله التي تعد عالما من الخيال والتحرر من قوالب الفن التقليدي تتميز لوحاته بأحتوائها على عنصر الغرابة والتجريد لكنها تحمل بين ثناياها قصصا ودلالات تأخذنا لعوالم البراءة والطفولة والسحر ظل ميرو عاشقا لفنه وابداعه المتواصل حتى داهمه المرض وتوفي في عام 1983 بعد ان ترك كنوزا إبداعية تفخر بها اسبانيا والعالم .
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